100 Notable alumni of
University of Amsterdam

Updated:

EduRank

The University of Amsterdam is 143rd in the world, 49th in Europe, and 2nd in the Netherlands by aggregated alumni prominence. Below is the list of 100 notable alumni from the University of Amsterdam sorted by their wiki pages popularity. The directory includes famous graduates and former students along with research and academic staff. 2 individuals affiliated with the University of Amsterdam won Nobel Prizes in Physics.

  1. Charles Michel

    Charles Michel
    Born in
    Belgium Flag Belgium
    Years
    1975-.. (age 51)
    Occupations
    lawyerpolitician
    Biography

    Charles Michel is a Belgian politician who served as the president of the European Council from 2019 to 2024. He previously served as the prime minister of Belgium between 2014 and 2019. Michel became the minister of development cooperation in 2007 at age thirty-one, and remained in this position until elected the leader of the Francophone liberal Reformist Movement (MR) in February 2011. He led MR to the 2014 federal election, where they emerged as the third-largest party in the Chamber of Representatives. After coalition negotiations, Michel was confirmed as Prime Minister of a MR-N-VA-OVLD-CD&V government. He was sworn in on 11 October 2014, becoming the youngest Belgian prime minister since Jean-Baptiste Nothomb in 1841.

  2. Guido van Rossum

    Guido van Rossum
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1956-.. (age 70)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    In 1981 graduated with master's degree
    Occupations
    computer scientistengineerprogrammerwriter
    Biography

    Guido van Rossum is a Dutch programmer. He is the creator of the Python programming language, for which he was the "benevolent dictator for life" (BDFL) until he stepped down from the position on 12 July 2018. He remained a member of the Python Steering Council through 2019, and withdrew from nominations for the 2020 election.

  3. Theo van Gogh

    Theo van Gogh
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1957-2004 (aged 47)
    Occupations
    presenterauthortelevision presenterdirectortelevision director
    Biography

    Theodoor "Theo" van Gogh was a Dutch film director. He directed Submission: Part 1, a short film written by Somali writer and politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali, which criticised the treatment of women in Islam in strong terms. On 2 November 2004, he was murdered by Mohammed Bouyeri, a Dutch-Moroccan Islamist who objected to the film's message. The last film Van Gogh had completed before his murder, 06/05, was a fictional exploration of the assassination of Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn. It was released posthumously in December 2004, a month after Van Gogh's death, and two years after Fortuyn's death.

  4. Thierry Baudet

    Thierry Baudet
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1983-.. (age 43)
    Occupations
    writerpolitician
    Biography

    Thierry Henri Philippe Baudet is a Dutch far-right politician, author, and self-declared conspiracy theorist. He is the founder and leader of Forum for Democracy (FvD), for which he was a member of the House of Representatives between 2017 and 2026, with the exception of his paternity leave.

  5. Pim Fortuyn

    Pim Fortuyn
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1948-2002 (aged 54)
    Occupations
    columnistprofessorwritersociologistuniversity teacher
    Biography

    Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn, known as Pim Fortuyn, was a Dutch politician, author, civil servant, businessman, sociologist and academic who founded the party Pim Fortuyn List (Lijst Pim Fortuyn or LPF) in 2002.

  6. Edsger W. Dijkstra

    Edsger W. Dijkstra
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1930-2002 (aged 72)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    1956-1959 graduated with Doctor of Philosophy in computer science
    Occupations
    programmerinformation scientistphysicistuniversity teachermathematician
    Biography

    Edsger Wybe Dijkstra was a Dutch computer scientist, programmer, mathematician, and science essayist.

  7. Jesse Klaver

    Jesse Klaver
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1986-.. (age 40)
    Occupations
    climate activistpoliticiantrade unionist
    Biography

    Jesse Feras Klaver is a Dutch politician who has served as leader of GroenLinks–PvdA in the House of Representatives since 2025, a member of the House of Representatives since 2010 and Leader of GroenLinks since 2015. Prior to this, he chaired the youth union of the Christian National Trade Union Federation from 2009 to 2010.

  8. Melvin Van Peebles

    Melvin Van Peebles
    Born in
    United States Flag United States
    Years
    1932-2021 (aged 89)
    Occupations
    film editorrecording artistfilm directorfilm produceractor
    Biography

    Melvin Van Peebles was an American actor, filmmaker, writer, and composer. His feature film debut, The Story of a Three-Day Pass (1967), was based on his own French-language novel La Permission and was shot in France, as it was difficult for a black American director to get work at the time. The film won an award at the San Francisco International Film Festival which gained him the interest of Hollywood studios, leading to his American feature debut Watermelon Man, in 1970. Eschewing further overtures from Hollywood, he used the successes he had so far to bankroll his work as an independent filmmaker.

  9. Petra Kelly

    Petra Kelly
    Born in
    Germany Flag Germany
    Years
    1947-1992 (aged 45)
    Occupations
    activistenvironmentalistpolitician
    Biography

    Petra Karin Kelly was a German Green politician and ecofeminist activist. She was a founding member of the German Green Party, the first Green party to rise to prominence both nationally in Germany and worldwide. In 1982, she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "forging and implementing a new vision uniting ecological concerns with disarmament, social justice and human rights."

  10. Kajsa Ollongren

    Kajsa Ollongren
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1967-.. (age 59)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Studied in 1985-1991
    Occupations
    politician
    Biography

    Jkvr. Karin Hildur "Kajsa" Ollongren is a Dutch-Swedish politician who served as Dutch Minister of Defence from 10 January 2022 to 2 July 2024. A member of the Democrats 66 (D66), she previously served as Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations and Deputy Prime Minister in the third Rutte cabinet (2017–2022), and briefly as Mayor of Amsterdam (October 2017). Since June 2025 she is EU Special Representative (EUSR) for human rights of the Council of the European Union.

  11. Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau

    Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1968-.. (age 58)
    Occupations
    economist
    Biography

    Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau, more commonly known as Mabel van Oranje, is a Dutch humanitarian and the widow of Prince Friso and sister-in-law of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. She spends her time in human rights activities such as co-founding War Child Netherlands, the European Council on Foreign Relations, and Girls Not Brides: The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage.

  12. Eva Schloss

    Eva Schloss
    Born in
    Austria Flag Austria
    Years
    1929-2026 (aged 97)
    Occupations
    biographerpainterwritermemoiristphotographer
    Biography

    Eva Schloss was an Austrian Holocaust survivor, memoirist, and the stepdaughter of Otto Frank, the father of Margot and diarist Anne Frank. She spoke widely about her family's experiences during the Holocaust and participated in the USC Shoah Foundation's Visual History Archive, recording interactive video testimony for use in educational programmes.

  13. Jeff Wilbusch

    Jeff Wilbusch
    Born in
    Israel Flag Israel
    Years
    1987-.. (age 39)
    Occupations
    film actoractorstage actor
    Biography

    Jeff Wilbusch is an Israeli-German actor.

  14. Hannie Schaft

    Hannie Schaft
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1920-1945 (aged 25)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Studied international law
    Occupations
    partisanresistance fighterlaw student
    Biography

    Jannetje Johanna Schaft (16 September 1920 – 17 April 1945) was a Dutch resistance fighter during World War II. She became known as "the girl with the red hair" (Dutch: het meisje met het rode haar, German: das Mädchen mit dem roten Haar). Her secret name in the resistance movement was "Hannie".

  15. Antonie Kamerling

    Antonie Kamerling
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1966-2010 (aged 44)
    Occupations
    television actoractorsingerfilm actor
    Biography

    Anthonie Willem Constantijn Gneomar "Antonie" Kamerling was a Dutch actor and singer. He was member of the original cast of the Dutch soap opera Goede tijden, slechte tijden. He played in the films The Little Blonde Death (1993), All Stars (1997), and I Love You Too (2001). He also had starring roles in Dutch musical productions. He has become the voice of Geoff from Total Drama in the Dutch version of the series. He took his own life in 2010.

  16. Max Euwe

    Max Euwe
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1901-1981 (aged 80)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Studied in 1919-1926
    Occupations
    chess officialwriteruniversity teacherchess playermathematician
    Biography

    Machgielis "Max" Euwe was a Dutch chess player, mathematician, author, and chess administrator. He was the fifth player to become World Chess Champion, a title he held from 1935 until 1937. He served as President of FIDE, the World Chess Federation, from 1970 to 1978.

  17. Mona Keijzer

    Mona Keijzer
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1968-.. (age 58)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    1987-1992 studied science of public administration
    1992-1997 studied Law of the Netherlands
    Occupations
    lawyerpolitician
    Biography

    Maria Cornelia Gezina "Mona" Keijzer is a Dutch politician and former civil servant who is the minister of housing and spatial planning in the Schoof cabinet since 2024. A member of the Farmer–Citizen Movement (BoerBurgerBeweging, BBB), she won a seat in the House of Representatives in the 2023 Dutch general election.

  18. Khadija Arib

    Khadija Arib
    Born in
    Morocco Flag Morocco
    Years
    1960-.. (age 66)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    In 1995 studied sociology
    Occupations
    politician
    Biography

    Khadija Arib is a Moroccan-born Dutch politician of the Labour Party, who served as Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands from 12 December 2015 to 7 April 2021. In the 2016 Speaker of the Dutch House of Representatives election on 13 January, she was elected to the position, which she had served as Acting Speaker since the resignation of Anouchka van Miltenburg on 12 December 2015. Arib became a member of the House of Representatives following the 1998 Dutch general election and served until 2022, with a brief interruption between 2006 and 2007.

  19. Lilian Marijnissen

    Lilian Marijnissen
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1985-.. (age 41)
    Occupations
    trade unionistpolitician
    Biography

    Lilian Marie Corneel Marijnissen is a Dutch politician who served as Leader of the Socialist Party and as its parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives from December 2017 to December 2023. She was first installed as a member of the House of Representatives on 23 March 2017 following the general election of 15 March.

  20. Johannes Diderik van der Waals

    Johannes Diderik van der Waals
    Awards
    Nobel Prize in Physics in 1910
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1837-1923 (aged 86)
    Occupations
    university teacherphysicisttheoretical physicistmathematicianchemist
    Biography

    Johannes Diderik van der Waals was a Dutch theoretical physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1910 "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids". Van der Waals started his career as a schoolteacher. He became the first physics professor of the University of Amsterdam when its status was upgraded to Municipal University in 1877.

  21. Dionne Stax

    Dionne Stax
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1985-.. (age 41)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Studied in 2009
    Occupations
    television presenterpresenterjournalist
    Biography

    Dionne Stax is a Dutch journalist and newsreader.

  22. Sutan Sjahrir

    Sutan Sjahrir
    Born in
    Indonesia Flag Indonesia
    Years
    1909-1966 (aged 57)
    Occupations
    politician
    Biography

    Sutan Sjahrir was an Indonesian statesman and independence leader who served as the first prime minister of Indonesia from 1945 until 1947. He played a key role during the Indonesian National Revolution and was active in the nationalist movement during the 1930s. Sjahrir is remembered as an idealist and intellectual.

  23. Frits Bolkestein

    Frits Bolkestein
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1933-2025 (aged 92)
    Occupations
    playwrightautobiographerhistorianeconomistuniversity teacher
    Biography

    Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein was a Dutch politician and energy executive who served as Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) from 1990 to 1998 and European Commissioner for Internal Market from 1999 until 2004 under Romano Prodi.

  24. Lodewijk Asscher

    Lodewijk Asscher
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1974-.. (age 52)
    Occupations
    juristlawyeruniversity teacherpolitician
    Biography

    Lodewijk Frans Asscher is a Dutch politician and jurist who served as Leader of the Labour Party (PvdA) from 2016 to 2021 and parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives from 2017 to 2021.

  25. Ronald Plasterk

    Ronald Plasterk
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1957-.. (age 69)
    Occupations
    columnistwriteruniversity teachermicrobiologistgeneticist
    Biography

    Ronald Hans Anton Plasterk is a Dutch retired politician of the Labour Party (PvdA). He has a PhD degree in biology, specialising in molecular genetics. He is founder and CEO of Frame Cancer Therapeutics. He was appointed professor at the University of Amsterdam in September 2018.

  26. Ferdinand Grapperhaus

    Ferdinand Grapperhaus
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1959-.. (age 67)
    Occupations
    writerlawyeruniversity teacherpolitician
    Biography

    Ferdinand Bernhard Joseph "Ferd" Grapperhaus is a Dutch politician who served as Minister of Justice and Security in the Third Rutte cabinet from 26 October 2017 until 10 January 2022. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).

  27. Joop den Uyl

    Joop den Uyl
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1919-1987 (aged 68)
    Occupations
    politicianwriterjournalistresistance fightereconomist
    Biography

    Johannes Marten den Uijl, better known as Joop den Uyl ( Dutch: [ˈjoːb dɛn ˈœyl] ), was a Dutch politician and economist who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1973 to 1977. He was a member of the Labour Party (PvdA). Den Uyl studied economics at the University of Amsterdam obtaining a Master of Economics degree and worked as a civil servant at the Ministry of Economic Affairs from February 1942 until May 1945 and as a journalist and editor for Het Parool and Vrij Nederland from May 1945 until January 1949. Den Uyl served as director of the Wiardi Beckman Foundation from January 1949 until June 1963. Den Uyl became a member of the House of Representatives shortly after the number of seats was raised from 100 to 150 seats following the election of 1956 serving from 6 November 1956 until 5 June 1963 as a frontbencher and spokesperson for economics. Den Uyl was appointed as Minister of Economic Affairs in the Cals cabinet, taking office on 14 April 1965. After Labour Leader Anne Vondeling unexpectedly announced he was stepping down, Den Uyl announced his candidacy and was selected as his successor as Leader on 13 September 1966. Under his leadership, the PvdA became a big tent party that undermined support for the small left parties, including the Radicals and the Communists.

  28. Reinout Oerlemans

    Reinout Oerlemans
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1971-.. (age 55)
    Occupations
    television actorfilm directortelevision presenteractortelevision producer
    Biography

    Reinout Oerlemans is a Dutch soap opera actor, film director, television presenter and television producer. He is the founder of the TV production company Eyeworks.

  29. Hans Wiegel

    Hans Wiegel
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1941-2025 (aged 84)
    Occupations
    columnistwriterpolitician
    Biography

    Hans Wiegel was a Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and businessman.

  30. Humberto Tan

    Humberto Tan
    Born in
    Suriname Flag Suriname
    Years
    1965-.. (age 61)
    Occupations
    writertelevision presenterfashion designerpresenter
    Biography

    Humberto Tan-A-Kiam, better known as Humberto Tan, is a Dutch radio and television presenter, sports journalist and writer of Surinamese descent.

  31. Willem Frederik Hermans

    Willem Frederik Hermans
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1921-1995 (aged 74)
    Occupations
    university teachergeographerwatercoloristcollagistnovelist
    Biography

    Willem Frederik Hermans was a Dutch author of poetry, novels, short stories, plays, as well as book-length studies, essays, and literary criticism. His most famous works are The House of Refuge (novella, 1952), The Darkroom of Damocles (novel, 1958), and Beyond Sleep (novel, 1966).

  32. Astrid Joosten

    Astrid Joosten
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1958-.. (age 68)
    Occupations
    television presenterwriterpresenteractorfilm actor
    Biography

    Astrid Maria Bernadette Joosten is a Dutch television personality and presenter. She is known for the magazine programme Jongbloed en Joosten, and presenting the quiz show Twee voor Twaalf. She also starred in the 2005 film Off Screen.

  33. James Barry Munnik Hertzog

    James Barry Munnik Hertzog
    Born in
    South Africa Flag South Africa
    Years
    1866-1942 (aged 76)
    Occupations
    military personnelpolitician
    Biography

    General James Barry Munnik Hertzog KC, better known as Barry Hertzog or J. B. M. Hertzog, was a South African politician and soldier. He was a Boer general during the Second Boer War who served as the third prime minister of the Union of South Africa from 1924 to 1939. Hertzog advocated for the development of Afrikaner culture and was determined to prevent Afrikaners from being excessively influenced by British culture. He founded the National Party in 1914.

  34. Tim Krabbé

    Tim Krabbé
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1943-.. (age 83)
    Occupations
    autobiographerchess composerpainterchess playerjournalist
    Biography

    Hans Maarten Timotheus "Tim" Krabbé is a Dutch journalist, novelist and chess player.

  35. Adriaan van Dis

    Adriaan van Dis
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1946-.. (age 80)
    Occupations
    playwrightpoetwriterpresenterjournalist
    Biography

    Adriaan van Dis is a Dutch author. He debuted in 1983 with the novella Nathan Sid. In 1995 his book Indische Duinen (My Father's War), which in its narrative is a follow-up to his debut novella, was also awarded several prestigious literary awards.

  36. André Kuipers

    André Kuipers
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1958-.. (age 68)
    Occupations
    university teacherastronautphysician
    Biography

    André Kuipers is a Dutch physician and ESA astronaut. He became the second Dutch citizen, third Dutch-born and fifth Dutch-speaking astronaut upon launch of Soyuz TMA-4 on 19 April 2004. Kuipers returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TMA-3 11 days later.

  37. Pieter Zeeman

    Pieter Zeeman
    Awards
    Nobel Prize in Physics in 1902
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1865-1943 (aged 78)
    Occupations
    university teacherphotographerphysicist
    Biography

    Pieter Zeeman was a Dutch experimental physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for their discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect.

  38. Jacques Santer

    Jacques Santer
    Born in
    Luxembourg Flag Luxembourg
    Years
    1937-.. (age 89)
    Occupations
    bankerlawyerpolitician
    Biography

    Jacques Louis Santer is a Luxembourgish politician who served as president of the European Commission from 1995 to 1999 before resigning amidst allegations of corruption. He served as the finance minister of Luxembourg from 1979 until 1989, and as prime minister of Luxembourg from 1984 to 1995, as a member of the Christian Social People's Party (CSV), which was the leading party in the Luxembourgish government between 1979 and 2013. As prime minister of Luxembourg, he also led the negotiations on the Single European Act, which effectively set aside the 20-year-old Luxembourg compromise.

  39. Els Borst

    Els Borst
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1932-2014 (aged 82)
    Occupations
    hematologistphysicianuniversity teacherpolitician
    Biography

    Else "Els" Borst-Eilers was a Dutch politician of the Democrats 66 (D66) party and physician. She was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 21 December 2012.

  40. Martin Bosma

    Martin Bosma
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1964-.. (age 62)
    Occupations
    journalistpolitician
    Biography

    Martin Bosma is a Dutch politician and former journalist who served as the Speaker of the House of Representatives from 2023 to 2025. He entered the House of Representatives for the Party for Freedom (PVV) on 30 November 2006, and served as his party's spokesperson on matters of higher education, mass media and culture. He also served as Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives from 2010 until 2023. On 14 December 2023, he was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.

  41. Marlene Dumas

    Marlene Dumas
    Born in
    South Africa Flag South Africa
    Years
    1953-.. (age 73)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    1979-1980 studied psychology
    Occupations
    writerconceptual artistcollagistlithographersculptor
    Biography

    Marlene Dumas is a South African artist and painter based in the Netherlands.

  42. Hedy d'Ancona

    Hedy d'Ancona
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1937-.. (age 89)
    Occupations
    politiciangeographertelevision producersociologistwomen's rights activist
    Biography

    Hedwig "Hedy" d'Ancona is a retired Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) who served as Minister of Welfare, Health and Culture between 1989 and 1994.

  43. Ad Melkert

    Ad Melkert
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1956-.. (age 70)
    Occupations
    diplomatpolitician
    Biography

    Adrianus Petrus Wilhelmus "Ad" Melkert is a Dutch politician and diplomat of the Labour Party (PvdA) who has served as a Member of the Council of State since 20 January 2016.

  44. Joost Zwagerman

    Joost Zwagerman
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1963-2015 (aged 52)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Studied in 1984-1984
    Occupations
    poetcolumnistwriternon-fiction writeressayist
    Biography

    Johannes Jacobus Willebrordus "Joost" Zwagerman was a Dutch writer, poet and essayist. Among his teachers was the novelist Oek de Jong.

  45. Teun A. van Dijk

    Teun A. van Dijk
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1943-.. (age 83)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Studied in 1967-1968
    1968-1972 graduated with Doctor of Philosophy
    Occupations
    researcherprofessorsociologistlinguist
    Biography

    Teun Adrianus van Dijk is a scholar in the fields of text linguistics, discourse analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).

  46. Brigitte Kaandorp

    Brigitte Kaandorp
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1962-.. (age 64)
    Occupations
    singercabaret performer
    Biography

    Brigitte Kaandorp is a Dutch comedian and singer-songwriter. She started her show business career in 1983. Kaandorp's style is a mix of absurdism and sensitive songs, sometimes playing the ukulele. Many of her shows have been broadcast on Dutch TV. She also performed in Belgium.

  47. Wim Eijk

    Wim Eijk
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1953-.. (age 73)
    Occupations
    Latin Catholic priesttheologianprofessorCatholic bishopphysician
    Biography

    Willem Jacobus "Wim" Eijk is a Dutch prelate of the Catholic Church, a cardinal since 2012. He has been the Metropolitan Archbishop of Utrecht since 2007. He was Bishop of Groningen-Leeuwarden from 1999 to 2007. Before his clerical career he worked as a medical doctor; as a priest he made medical ethics the focus of his academic studies. He has done his doctoral studies in medicine and philosophy, and also holds a licentiate in theology.

  48. Maurice de Hond

    Maurice de Hond
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1947-.. (age 79)
    Occupations
    association football refereeentrepreneurstatistician
    Biography

    Maurice de Hond is a Dutch pollster and entrepreneur. He is the founder of the Steve JobsSchool, an elementary school which gives each student an iPad to encourage individualized learning. As of 2016, 35 public schools in the Netherlands adopted the school model. Two Steve JobsSchools opened in South Africa in 2016. The schools closed after a negative report by government educational inspectors found that students who graduated from the schools were lacking severely in educational skills and the foundation running the schools declared bankruptcy in 2018.

  49. Joseph Luns

    Joseph Luns
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1911-2002 (aged 91)
    Occupations
    diplomatpolitician
    Biography

    Joseph Marie Antoine Hubert Luns was a Dutch politician, diplomat and jurist who served as the fifth Secretary General of NATO from 1971 to 1984, being the longest-serving officeholder since the office was established in 1952. Prior to this, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs, starting in 1956. Luns was a member of the now-defunct Catholic People's Party (KVP), later merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).

  50. Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer

    Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1881-1966 (aged 85)
    Occupations
    university teachertopologistwriterphilosophermathematician
    Biography

    Luitzen Egbertus Jan "Bertus" Brouwer was a Dutch mathematician and philosopher who worked in topology, set theory, measure theory and complex analysis. Regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century, he is known as one of the founders of modern topology, particularly for establishing his fixed-point theorem and the topological invariance of dimension.

  51. Hans Janmaat

    Hans Janmaat
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1934-2002 (aged 68)
    Occupations
    politician
    Biography

    Johannes Gerardus Hendrikus "Hans" Janmaat was a Dutch businessman and politician of the far-right Centre Party (CP) who later founded the Centre Democrats (CD).

  52. Rik van de Westelaken

    Rik van de Westelaken
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1971-.. (age 55)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    1991-1996 graduated with master's degree in communication studies
    Occupations
    television presenternews presenterpresenter
    Biography

    Rik van de Westelaken is a Dutch television presenter. He is known for presenting television programs which include the NOS Journaal, Peking Express and Wie is de Mol?. Other programs include the travel show Rik over de grens and the quiz show 5 Golden Rings.

  53. Lauren Verster

    Lauren Verster
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1989-.. (age 37)
    Occupations
    television presenterprogram makerpresenter
    Biography

    Lauren Verster is a Dutch programme maker and television presenter.

  54. Herman Tjeenk Willink

    Herman Tjeenk Willink
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1942-.. (age 84)
    Occupations
    lawyerjudgepolitician
    Biography

    Herman Diederik Tjeenk Willink is a retired Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and jurist. He was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 21 December 2012.

  55. Ivo Niehe

    Ivo Niehe
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1946-.. (age 80)
    Occupations
    television presenterpresenterprogram makerfilm producertelevision producer
    Biography

    Ivo Johannes Ignatius Niehe is a Dutch radio and television presenter, television producer and actor.

  56. Godfried Bomans

    Godfried Bomans
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1913-1971 (aged 58)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    1933-1939 studied jurisprudence
    Occupations
    children's writerauthorpastellistcolumnistresistance fighter
    Biography

    Godfried Jan Arnold Bomans was a Dutch author and television personality. Much of his work remains untranslated into English.

  57. Ed van Thijn

    Ed van Thijn
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1934-2021 (aged 87)
    Occupations
    writerautobiographeruniversity teacherpolitician
    Biography

    Eduard van Thijn was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and historian. He was a member of the Municipal Council of Amsterdam (1962–1971), member of the House of Representatives (1967–1981; 1982–1983), Minister of the Interior (1981–1982; 1994), Mayor of Amsterdam (1983–1994), and member of the Senate (1999–2007).

  58. Eugène Dubois

    Eugène Dubois
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1858-1940 (aged 82)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Studied in 1877
    Occupations
    anatomistuniversity teacheranatomical draftspersonpaleoanthropologistgeologist
    Biography

    Marie Eugène François Thomas Dubois was a Dutch paleoanthropologist and geologist. He earned worldwide fame for his discovery of Pithecanthropus erectus (later redesignated Homo erectus), or "Java Man". Dubois was the first anthropologist to embark upon a purposeful search for hominid fossils.

  59. Geert Mak

    Geert Mak
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1946-.. (age 80)
    Occupations
    presenterjournalisttelevision presenterpoet lawyeruniversity teacher
    Biography

    Geert Ludzer Mak is a Dutch journalist and non-fiction writer.

  60. Frits Zernike

    Frits Zernike
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1888-1966 (aged 78)
    Occupations
    university teacherphysicistmathematicianinventorchemist
    Biography

    Frits Zernike was a Dutch physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope.

  61. Paul Rosenmöller

    Paul Rosenmöller
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1956-.. (age 70)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    1974-1978 studied sociology
    Occupations
    television presenterpoliticiantrade unionistpresenterprogram maker
    Biography

    Paul Rosenmöller is a Dutch politician and former trade unionist and television presenter. Between 1989 and 2003, he was member of the Dutch House of Representatives for GroenLinks and was party leader from 1994. Rosenmöller has been a member of the Senate for GroenLinks since June 2019 and leader of GroenLinks–Labour Party in the Senate since June 2023.

  62. Barbara Baarsma

    Barbara Baarsma
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1969-.. (age 57)
    Occupations
    university teachereconomist
    Biography

    Barbara Elisabeth Baarsma is a Dutch economist, and Professor of Applied Economics at the University of Amsterdam.

  63. Jojanneke van den Berge

    Jojanneke van den Berge
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1980-.. (age 46)
    Occupations
    television presenterpresenterjournalist
    Biography

    Jojanneke van den Berge is a Dutch journalist who worked for the broadcasting association PowNed.

  64. Hella Haasse

    Hella Haasse
    Born in
    Indonesia Flag Indonesia
    Years
    1918-2011 (aged 93)
    Occupations
    playwrightpoetwriter
    Biography

    Hélène "Hella" Serafia Haasse was a Dutch writer, often referred to as the "Grande Dame" of Dutch literature, and whose novel Oeroeg (1948) was a staple for generations of Dutch schoolchildren. Her internationally acclaimed magnum opus is Heren van de Thee, translated to The Tea Lords. In 1988 Haasse was chosen to interview the Dutch Queen for her 50th birthday after which celebrated Dutch author Adriaan van Dis called Haasse "the Queen among authors".

  65. Johan Ferrier

    Johan Ferrier
    Born in
    Suriname Flag Suriname
    Years
    1910-2010 (aged 100)
    Occupations
    teacherpolitician
    Biography

    Johan Henri Eliza Ferrier was a Surinamese politician who served as the first president of Suriname from 1975 to 1980. He was also the country's last governor-general before independence, serving from 1968 to 1975, before becoming the first president upon independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1975 and also served as the fifth prime minister from 1955 to 1958.

  66. Ella Vogelaar

    Ella Vogelaar
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1949-2019 (aged 70)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Graduated with Master of Education
    Occupations
    politiciansocial workertrade unionist
    Biography

    Catharina Pieternella "Ella" Vogelaar was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and trade union leader.

  67. Lara Ricote

    Lara Ricote
    Occupations
    comedian
    Biography

    Lara Ricote is a Mexican-American comedian and actor based in London, UK.

  68. Gunay Uslu

    Gunay Uslu
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1972-.. (age 54)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    1997-2001 graduated with Master of Arts in cultural studies
    2008-2015 graduated with Doctor
    Occupations
    cultural historianpolitician
    Biography

    Gunay Uslu is a Dutch cultural historian and politician, who has served as State Secretary for Culture and Media in the fourth Rutte cabinet from 10 January 2022 till 1 December 2023. She is a member of the Democrats 66 (D66) party.

  69. Gidi Markuszower

    Gidi Markuszower
    Born in
    Israel Flag Israel
    Years
    1977-.. (age 49)
    Occupations
    politician
    Biography

    Gideon "Gidi" Markuszower is an Israeli–Dutch politician. He became a senator on 9 June 2015 on behalf of the right-wing populist Party for Freedom (PVV). In the 2017 Dutch general election, he was elected to the House of Representatives and gave up his Senate seat. On 20 January 2026, he left the PVV parliamentary group along with six other MPs to found the independent Markuszower Group.

  70. Bert Koenders

    Bert Koenders
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1958-.. (age 68)
    Occupations
    diplomatpolitician
    Biography

    Albert Gerard Koenders is a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2014 to 2017. He is currently a professor at Leiden University and a special envoy of the World Bank. He is also chair of the Dutch Advisory Council on International Affairs, a member of the board of trustees of the International Crisis Group and a commissioner of the International Commission on Missing Persons.

  71. Christiaan Eijkman

    Christiaan Eijkman
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1858-1930 (aged 72)
    Occupations
    physicianphysiologistbiochemistuniversity teacher
    Biography

    Christiaan Eijkman was a Dutch physician and professor of physiology whose demonstration that beriberi is caused by poor diet led to the discovery of antineuritic vitamins (thiamine). Together with Sir Frederick Hopkins, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1929 for the discovery of vitamins.

  72. Sacha de Boer

    Sacha de Boer
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1967-.. (age 59)
    Occupations
    television presenterphotographerjournalist
    Biography

    Sacha de Boer is a Dutch photographer, presenter and former journalist. From 1996 to 2013 she was a news presenter of the Dutch public news broadcaster NOS Journaal, acting as the news anchor of the eight o'clock news from 2003 onwards.

  73. Willem Wilmink

    Willem Wilmink
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1936-2003 (aged 67)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Studied Dutch studies
    Occupations
    university teacherchildren's writerwriterliterary theoristmusician
    Biography

    Willem Wilmink was a Dutch poet and writer. He was best known for the large number of songs he wrote for popular children programs and his accessible, straightforward poetry.

  74. Dick Swaab

    Dick Swaab
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1944-.. (age 82)
    Occupations
    physicianbiologistneuroscientistuniversity teacher
    Biography

    Dick Frans Swaab is a Dutch physician and neurobiologist (brain researcher). He is a professor of neurobiology at the University of Amsterdam and was until 2005 Director of the Netherlands Institute for Brain Research (Nederlands Instituut voor Hersenonderzoek) of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen).

  75. Anton Pannekoek

    Anton Pannekoek
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1873-1960 (aged 87)
    Occupations
    historian of scienceuniversity teacherpoliticianphilosopherastronomer
    Biography

    Antonie "Anton" Pannekoek was a Dutch astronomer, historian, philosopher, Marxist theorist, and socialist revolutionary. He was one of the main theorists of council communism (Dutch: radencommunisme).

  76. Joris Luyendijk

    Joris Luyendijk
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1971-.. (age 55)
    Occupations
    television presenterwriterjournalistanthropologistpresenter
    Biography

    Joris Luyendijk is a Dutch non-fiction author, anthropologist, news correspondent, and TV interviewer.

  77. Tjalling Koopmans

    Tjalling Koopmans
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1910-1985 (aged 75)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Studied in 1934-1934
    Occupations
    economistmathematicianphysicist
    Biography

    Tjalling Charles Koopmans was a Dutch-American mathematician and economist. He was the joint winner with Leonid Kantorovich of the 1975 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on the theory of the optimum allocation of resources. Koopmans showed that on the basis of certain efficiency criteria, it is possible to make important deductions concerning optimum price systems.

  78. Jet Bussemaker

    Jet Bussemaker
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1961-.. (age 65)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    1979-1986 studied political science
    Occupations
    university teacherpolitician
    Biography

    Mariëtte "Jet" Bussemaker is a retired Dutch politician. A member of the Labour Party (PvdA), she served as Minister of Education, Culture and Science from 5 November 2012 to 26 October 2017 in the Second Rutte cabinet. She has been a professor of Science, Policy, Social Impact and Healthcare at Leiden University since 1 July 2018.

  79. Bram Peper

    Bram Peper
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1940-2022 (aged 82)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Graduated with Master of Social Science
    Occupations
    university teachersociologistpolitician
    Biography

    Abraham "Bram" Peper was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA).

  80. Simon Vestdijk

    Simon Vestdijk
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1898-1971 (aged 73)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Studied in 1917-1927
    Occupations
    essayistphysician writerwritertranslatorpoet
    Biography

    Simon Vestdijk was a Dutch writer.

  81. Frans Brüggen

    Frans Brüggen
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1934-2014 (aged 80)
    Occupations
    conductormusicologistmusic educatoruniversity teacher
    Biography

    Franciscus Jozef Brüggen (30 October 1934 – 13 August 2014) was a Dutch conductor, recorder player and baroque flautist.

  82. Mei Li Vos

    Mei Li Vos
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1970-.. (age 56)
    Occupations
    directorcolumnistpoliticianwritertrade unionist
    Biography

    Mei Li Vos is a Dutch politician, former trade unionist and editorialist. A member of the Labour Party (PvdA), she was a member of the House of Representatives from 1 March 2007 to 17 June 2010 and again from 20 September 2012 until 23 March 2017. She has been a member of the Senate since 11 June 2019, serving as parliamentary leader of the PvdA group until 2023, as First Vice-President of the Senate from 2023 until 2025, and as President of the Senate since 2025.

  83. Hugo Brandt Corstius

    Hugo Brandt Corstius
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1935-2014 (aged 79)
    Occupations
    linguistcolumnistwriteruniversity teacherjournalist
    Biography

    Hugo Brandt Corstius was a Dutch author, known for his achievements in both literature and science.

  84. Simone Weimans

    Simone Weimans
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1971-.. (age 55)
    Occupations
    news presenter
    Biography

    Simone Weimans is a Dutch presenter. Since 2011 she is a news presenter of the Dutch public news broadcaster NOS Journaal.

  85. Christianne van der Wal

    Christianne van der Wal
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1973-.. (age 53)
    Occupations
    teacherpolitician
    Biography

    Christianne van der Wal-Zeggelink is a Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD).

  86. Fons Trompenaars

    Fons Trompenaars
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1953-.. (age 73)
    Occupations
    anthropologistsociologist
    Biography

    Alfonsus Trompenaars (born 1953, Amsterdam) is a Dutch organizational theorist, management consultant, trainer, motivational speaker and author of various books on all subjects of culture and business. Known for the development of his model of national culture differences and Dilemma Theory.

  87. Roxane van Iperen

    Roxane van Iperen
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1976-.. (age 50)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Graduated with Master of Laws in rights
    Occupations
    juristwriterjournalist
    Biography

    Roxane van Iperen is a Dutch writer and jurist.

  88. Derk Jan Eppink

    Derk Jan Eppink
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1958-.. (age 68)
    Occupations
    writerjournalistcolumnistpolitician
    Biography

    Derk Jan Eppink is a Dutch journalist, politician in the Netherlands, and former cabinet secretary for European Commissioners Bolkestein (1999–2004) and Kallas (2004–2007). In 2009, he was elected to the European Parliament for List Dedecker, and in 2019 for Forum for Democracy. In 2021, he became an MP in the Dutch House of Representatives for the JA21 party, but in 2023 he switched to the Farmer-Citizen Movement.

  89. Tobias Asser

    Tobias Asser
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1838-1913 (aged 75)
    Occupations
    professorjuristuniversity teacherdiplomatlawyer
    Biography

    Tobias Michael Carel Asser was a Dutch lawyer and legal scholar. In 1911, he won the Nobel Peace Prize (together with Alfred Fried) for his role in the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the First Hague Peace Conference in 1899 and for his achievements in establishing the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH).

  90. Liesje Schreinemacher

    Liesje Schreinemacher
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1983-.. (age 43)
    Occupations
    politician
    Biography

    Elisabeth Nelly Anna Jean "Liesje" Schreinemacher is a Dutch lawyer and politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) who served as Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation in the fourth Rutte cabinet from 10 January 2022 to 2 July 2024. She previously served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2019 until 2022.

  91. Princess Carolina, Marchioness of Sala

    Princess Carolina, Marchioness of Sala
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1974-.. (age 52)
    Occupations
    aristocrat
    Biography

    Princess Carolina of Bourbon-Parma, Marchioness of Sala, is the fourth and youngest child of Princess Irene of the Netherlands and Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma. She is a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma as well an extended member of the Dutch royal family. Per a 1996 royal decree issued by Queen Beatrix, she is entitled to the style and title Her Royal Highness Princess Maria Carolina de Bourbon de Parme in The Netherlands as a member of the extended royal family.

  92. Anna Donáth

    Anna Donáth
    Born in
    Hungary Flag Hungary
    Years
    1987-.. (age 39)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    2010-2012 studied migration studies and ethnic studies
    Occupations
    politiciansociologist
    Biography

    Anna Júlia Donáth is a Hungarian politician. She was elected as a Momentum Movement (part of the Renew Europe group) Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in the 2019 European Parliament election. Donáth was the leader of the party between 21 November 2021 and 29 May 2022, and also from 28 January to 7 July 2024.

  93. Uri Rosenthal

    Uri Rosenthal
    Born in
    Switzerland Flag Switzerland
    Years
    1945-.. (age 81)
    Occupations
    university teachercolumnisthistoriandiplomatpolitician
    Biography

    Uriël "Uri" Rosenthal is a retired Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and political scientist.

  94. Judith Sargentini

    Judith Sargentini
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1974-.. (age 52)
    Occupations
    politician
    Biography

    Judith Sargentini is a former Dutch politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP). She is a member of the GreenLeft (Dutch: GroenLinks) party, which is part of The Greens–European Free Alliance, and the European Green Party. Previously, she was chair of the party's delegation in Amsterdam's city council.

  95. Ernst Hirsch Ballin

    Ernst Hirsch Ballin
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1950-.. (age 76)
    Occupations
    juristjudgeuniversity teacherpolitician
    Biography

    Ernst Maurits Henricus Hirsch Ballin is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and jurist.

  96. Abraham Pais

    Abraham Pais
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1918-2000 (aged 82)
    Occupations
    physicisthistorian of scienceuniversity teachernuclear physicist
    Biography

    Abraham Pais was a Dutch-American physicist and science historian. Pais earned his Ph.D. from University of Utrecht just prior to a Nazi ban on Jewish participation in Dutch universities during World War II. When the Nazis began the forced relocation of Dutch Jews, he went into hiding, but was later arrested and saved only by the end of the war. He then served as an assistant to Niels Bohr in Denmark and was later a colleague of Albert Einstein at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. His Subtle is the Lord, considered by many to be the definitive biography of Einstein, won the Science Writing Award. He followed it with Inwaard Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World, a history of modern physics, Niels Bohr's Times: In Physics, Philosophy, and Polity and Einstein Lived Here: Essays for the Layman. He was a physics professor at Rockefeller University until his retirement. He won the 1995 Lewis Thomas Prize for science writing.

  97. Jules Wijdenbosch

    Jules Wijdenbosch
    Born in
    Suriname Flag Suriname
    Years
    1941-2025 (aged 84)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Studied public administration and political science
    Occupations
    politician
    Biography

    Jules Albert Wijdenbosch was a Surinamese politician who was President of Suriname from 1996 to 2000 and prime minister from 1987 to 1988.

  98. Bartel Leendert van der Waerden

    Bartel Leendert van der Waerden
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1903-1996 (aged 93)
    Enrolled in the University of Amsterdam
    Studied in 1919-1924
    Occupations
    historianuniversity teachermathematicianhistorian of mathematics
    Biography

    Bartel Leendert van der Waerden was a Dutch mathematician and historian of mathematics.

  99. Mariëtte Hamer

    Mariëtte Hamer
    Born in
    Netherlands Flag Netherlands
    Years
    1958-.. (age 68)
    Occupations
    linguistpoliticiantrade unionist
    Biography

    Mariëtte Iris Hamer is a Dutch politician and trade union leader serving as commissioner for combating inappropriate behavior and sexual violence since 2022. A member of the Labour Party (PvdA), she was its leader in the House of Representatives from 2008 to 2010.

  100. Alan Shatter

    Alan Shatter
    Born in
    Ireland Flag Ireland
    Years
    1951-.. (age 75)
    Occupations
    politician
    Biography

    Alan Joseph Shatter is an Irish lawyer, author and former Fine Gael politician who served as Minister for Justice and Equality and Minister for Defence from 2011 to 2014. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South constituency from 1981 to 2002 and from 2007 to 2016. He left Fine Gael in early 2018 and ran as an independent candidate at the 2024 general election, but was not elected.